[+/-] : Antimony price rise slightly in America

As the U.S. dollar is getting weaker in the last two weeks, antimony trioxide producers revised their offers, and American market participants reported to Asian Metal that price in U.S. is edging up slightly.

A U.S. trader revealed that the current prevailing price of 99.5%min antimony trioxide is in the range of USD2.5-2.55/lb delivered to customer, and the price for the same material was around USD2.45/lb two weeks ago. According to him, demand is regular compared to the previous years. “Although automobile industry is weak in America, plastic is in strong demand, so the total demand remains stable,” remarked the source.

He pointed out that the U.S. dollar is depreciating in the world market against Chinese RMB and European EURO, so the Chinese suppliers do not want to bear the loss “They have revised the offers and selling at more expensive prices now,” said the trader who takes that with the fix market operation mode, American consumers are not very sensitive to the prices, so as long as the price is acceptable, the customers are placing orders with their distributors.

An executive from a antimony trioxide consumer disclosed to Asian Metal that the last batch of the material he bought was one month ago at USD2.41/lb delivered to the plant, and he was asking for an offer from his supplier earlier this week which was a few cents higher at close to USD2.5/lb delivered to plant. Somehow, the source claimed that he did expect the price to go up.

“I was told by my supplier that antimony trioxide is getting more expensive because RMB is more expensive,” said the executive who believes price is more likely to remain strong for the rest of the year. “There is no sign that the American economy will recover anytime in this year, which means the currency exchange rate will remain weak for U.S. dollar. We may be more competitive in the export market now, but we buy material at higher prices from overseas.”



We can supply any quantity and any kind of Antimony products from stock.would you please inform us how many you need and your target price, then we will confirm ASAP. We are sincerely hope to do business with you and establish long term business relationship with your respectable company.

Look forward to hearing from you soon.

Best regards,

Sam Xu
Contact me:
MSN: xubiao_1996@hotmail.com
GMAIL: samjiefu@gmail.com
SKPYE:jiefu1996


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[+/-] : What is a Masterbatch?

In pure form, polymers usually do not fulfil all technological requirements. Only through blending with additives is technological and economical functionality achieved. Additives are dispersed or dissolved into polymers and influence neither the constitution nor the configuration of the polymer, but their conformation.



back...

By furnishing the polymers with additives, the mechanical, electrical and chemical properties are improved, the processing is eased and the appearance of the product is changed.

The mechanical properties are changed by

* fillers
* nucleation agents
* softening agents
* foaming agents

The chemical properties are influenced by

* UV agents
* thermo stabilizers
* flame retardants

The appearance can be changed by

* pigments
* dies
* optical brighteners

The surface properties can be changed by

* antistatic agents
* slip agents
* antiblock agents

Additives can be used by themselves, as a combination of additives or as so called batches or masterbatches which contain a carrier resin.


A masterbatch, therefore, represents a concentrate of an additive or a combination of additives in a polymer.



We can supply any quantity and any kind of Antimony products from stock.would you please inform us how many you need and your target price, then we will confirm ASAP. We are sincerely hope to do business with you and establish long term business relationship with your respectable company.

Look forward to hearing from you soon.

Best regards,

Sam Xu
Contact me:
MSN: xubiao_1996@hotmail.com
GMAIL: samjiefu@gmail.com
SKPYE:jiefu1996


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[+/-] : Plastic additives supply shifts as prices ease

Supply of plastic additives for the next 12–18 months looks secure and pricing spikes are beginning to ease. But buyers may have to look to new regions for continued supply.

Fred Gastrock of Townsend Polymers Services and Information in Houston forecasts global sales to hit 27 billion lbs in 2009, but the regions of supply are changing. "Additive plants are moving toward the markets," according to Gastrock, who points out that developing countries first build polymer plants, then resin plants and finally additive plants. However, currently there is still a strong international trade in polymer additives.

Regions and countries where additives production is growing rapidly include China with a growth rate for additives production of 8–10% by volume annually. In much of the rest of Asia and in the Middle East the annual growth rate is in the "high single digits" according to Gastrock. Production in India, Russia and Turkey is growing rapidly from a small annual production base of 10 million tons, 5 million tons, and 3.3 million tons respectively.

Philadelphia-based Rohm and Haas provides an example of the globalization occurring in the additives industry. The firm is working with Turkish firm Polisan on several projects, including a partnership for the manufacture of emulsions for the paint market. Late last year, Rohm and Haas signed a letter of intent and announced that it is in the final planning discussions with Polisan to construct a plastics additives plant in Gebze, Turkey. The plant will produce acrylic impact modifier and processing aids. Planned capacity is 40,000 metric tons annually.

Meanwhile, in China, Rohm and Haas and China's Weihai Jinhong Polymer signed an agreement last January to form a new joint venture. Jinhong Rohm and Haas Chemicals Co. (JinHaas), intends to manufacture a complete range of quality plastics additives products and provide technical support to the building and construction and PVC packaging segments of the Chinese market according to Rohm and Haas.

While the U.S. is not building new plants, there are few shutdowns of existing plants. Rohm and Haas intends to meet slowly growing domestic market needs though its existing U.S. plants. In Europe, there have been some recent plant shutdowns. Chemtura is shutting down some antioxidant plants.

Demand for U.S. additives is growing 3–4% by volume annually. European sales growth is slightly less, at 2–3%. Japanese sales growth is less than Europe's. Asia sales are growing rapidly as new polymer plants come online. Plasticizers constitute 55% of the total additives market. The various market components and their relative size.

Rohm and Haas, Chemtura and Ciba produce a broad range of plastic additives. Other major producers include Arkema, Rohm and Haas, Albemarle and Baerlacher. Major plasticizer producers include ExxonMobil, BASF and Eastman Chemicals. Large independent compounders include PolyOne, A. Schulman, Clariant and RTP.

Gastrock forecasts overall U.S. additive sales will grow 3–4% annually through 2009. The additive types increasing faster than this average are growing from a smaller base. These include light stabilizers and nucleating agents (clarifying agents). Polypropylene additive use is growing slightly faster than the average. Additives used in wood—plastic composites are also growing more rapidly than average but from a small base.

The big feedstock price surge that took hold in 2004 through early 2006 and pushed additive prices up 20–50% has slowed considerably. Margins have improved and additives producers have been able to manage most of the raw materials price increases.



We can supply any quantity and any kind of Antimony products from stock.would you please inform us how many you need and your target price, then we will confirm ASAP. We are sincerely hope to do business with you and establish long term business relationship with your respectable company.

Look forward to hearing from you soon.

Best regards,

Sam Xu
Contact me:
MSN: xubiao_1996@hotmail.com
GMAIL: samjiefu@gmail.com
SKPYE:jiefu1996


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[+/-] : Antimony prices should hold at $6,000 until 2010

Antimony prices should increase to around $6,000/metric ton during the fourth quarter, and then remain elevated around that level to 2010, forecasts metals consultancy Roskill Information Services, citing a close long-term balance in supply and demand.

Importantly, recent policy reforms by China, the dominant global producer, will end decades of market instability caused by that country's tendency to dump or withdraw supply of such commodities as tungsten, tin and antimony—"which had all but destroyed mine output and development in competing countries."

Antimony prices should increase to around $6,000/metric ton during the fourth quarter, and then remain elevated around that level to 2010, forecasts metals consultancy Roskill Information Services, citing a close long-term balance in supply and demand.

Importantly, recent policy reforms by China, the dominant global producer, will end decades of market instability caused by that country's tendency to dump or withdraw supply of such commodities as tungsten, tin and antimony—"which had all but destroyed mine output and development in competing countries."

The Roskill Report, published in London, says the previous boom-or-bust market manipulation that "ravaged China's own mineral resources" has resulted this decade in widespread mine shutdowns and wide-ranging policy reforms aimed at resource conservation, orderly development, mine safety, environmental protection and value-added downstream processing, all controlled by quotas and licensing of mining, smelting and exporting. "As with everything the Chinese do in the antimony industry, the changes had worldwide effect," Roskill reports, noting that prices rose from a four-decade low of $1,000/metric ton (45¢/lb) in the world market in December 2001 to the $5,350/metric ton ($2.43/lb) level of July 2007.

"China is now also the largest importer of ores and concentrates, and its own domestic demand has also become the world's largest," the research house says, continuing that "this solid foundation for the antimony industry has reawakened interest in antimony resources in Australia, North America, Latin America, Russia and elsewhere, and new projects are under development." In fact, Australia soon will be producing over 12,000 metric tons/year of antimony metal equivalent.

Structural changes in the antimony supply sector, which began in the late 1990s, arose with growing exports from China of antimony trioxide at the expense of antimony metal. Between 1996 and 2006, Chinese exports of antimony trioxide grew from 20,000 metric tons to 41,300 metric tons. Over the same period, U.S. production fell from 25,000 metric tons to 1,500 metric tons in 2006, a 94% drop.

Installed capacity in China should be sufficient to meet world forecast trioxide demand growth of 7%/year through 2010 and idled capacity in Europe could come into play with new antimony mine output outside of China, Roskill says. However, the analysts also believe that higher-cost operations outside of China will be required to meet future global demand, pushing spot prices upward.

As for demand, flame retardants account for 70% of primary antimony demand and 90% of antimony trioxide demand. More stringent flammability standards and safety legislation, together with increased demand for plastics and information technology-related products, will result in higher demand for flame-retardants. World demand for antimony trioxide in this market is forecast to rise by 7.5% annually from an estimated 106,000 metric tons in 2004 to 152,000 metric tons by 2009.

Catalysts used to make polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic resins provide a further area of growth for antimony trioxide, says Roskill, especially in new industrializing countries where markets for PET containers for carbonated soft drinks, beer and mineral water are less mature. For example, Asian demand for bottle-grade PET is forecast to grow at over 10%/year to the end of this decade.

We can supply any quantity and any kind of Antimony products from stock.would you please inform us how many you need and your target price, then we will confirm ASAP. We are sincerely hope to do business with you and establish long term business relationship with your respectable company.

Look forward to hearing from you soon.

Best regards,

Sam Xu
Contact me:
MSN: xubiao_1996@hotmail.com
GMAIL: samjiefu@gmail.com
SKPYE:jiefu1996


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[+/-] : Flame retardant polyolefin pallets and flame retardant master batch for their production

Polyolefin-based pallets capable of passing standard pallet flammability tests are prepared by molding the pallet or one or more subassemblies thereof, of a polyolefin molding resin containing a flame retardant package containing a halogenated organic flame retardant, alumina trihydrate, and antimony trioxide. The flame retardants are advantageously supplied as a master batch at a concentration higher than that desired in the pallet or subassembly, in a polyolefin-compatible polymer.


Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A flame retardant molded polyolefin pallet comprising one or more subassemblies, at least one subassembly comprising a polyolefin containing a flame retardant package comprising as flame retardant components

a) 4-14% halogenated organic flame retardant,

b) 4-15% alumina trihydrate, and

c) 1-5% antimony trioxide, said percentages based on the weight of polyolefin and the sum of flame retardant components a) to c).

2. The pallet of claim 1 wherein the flame retardant components comprise

a) 7-12% halogenated organic flame retardant;

b) 8-12% alumina trihydrate;

c) 2-4% antimony trioxide; and

said percentages based on the weight of polyolefin and the sum of flame retardant components a) to c).

3. The pallet of claim 1, wherein subassemblies which comprise the most flammable portions of said pallet contain said flame retardant components.

4. The pallet of claim 1, wherein all of said subassemblies contain said flame retardant components.

5. The pallet of claim 1, wherein said polyolefin comprises polypropylene.

6. The pallet of claim 1, wherein said one or more subassemblies containing said fire retardant components further comprise a filler, fibrous reinforcement, or both filler and fibrous reinforcement.

7. The pallet of claim 1, further comprising one or more auxiliary flame retardants.

8. The pallet of claim 1, wherein said halogenated flame retardant comprises tetrabromobisphenol A.

9. A process for the manufacture of a flame retardant polyolefin pallet or subassembly thereof, comprising

a) supplying a polyolefin molding resin

b) supplying a flame retardant package comprising flame retardant components

b)i) from 4-14% halogenated organic flame retardant;

b)ii) from 4-15% alumina trihydrate;

b)iii) from 1-5% antimony trioxide;

c) uniformly blending said polyolefin resin with the components b)i to b)iii of said flame retardant package to form a flame retardant-containing polyolefin molding resin; and

d) molding a polyolefin pallet or subassembly thereof from said flame retardant-containing polyolefin molding resin.

10. The process of claim 9, wherein said flame retardant components are supplied in a master batch of a polyolefin compatible polymer resin containing said flame retardant components in an amount higher than the amount desired in said pallet or subassembly thereof, and supplying sufficient polyolefin to reduce the level of said flame retardant components to the range of 4-14% a), 4-15% b), and 1-5% c).

11. The process of claim 9, wherein said pallet comprises at least a top deck and a bottom deck, optionally having a plurality of columns between said top deck and said bottom deck, at least one of said top deck, said bottom deck, or said columns being molded from a polymer of different flammability characteristics than another of said top deck, bottom deck, or columns.

12. The process of claim 11, comprising molding said top deck of said flame retardant-containing polyolefin molding resin.

13. The process of claim 11, further comprising constructing said top deck or a portion thereof of a non-polyolefin polymer which exhibits greater inherent flammability resistant characteristics than polyolefin.

14. The process of claim 9, wherein said polyolefin comprises polypropylene.

15. The process of claim 9, wherein said polyolefin pallet or subassembly thereof further contains a filler, fibrous reinforcement, or a mixture thereof.

16. A flame retardant polymer master batch suitable for addition to a polyolefin molding resin to prepare the pallet or subassembly thereof of claim 1, said master batch comprising 20 weight percent or more halogenated organic flame retardant, 20 weight percent or more of alumina trihydrate; 6 weight percent or more of antimony trioxide, and at least 10 weight percent of a polymer which is compatible with polyolefin in injection molding.

17. The master batch of claim 16, comprising 20 to 25% halogenated flame retardant, 20 to 40% alumina trihydrate, 6 to 15% antimony trioxide, and minimally 10% polyolefin-compatible polymer, said percentages being based on the total weight of the master batch.

18. The master batch of claim 16, comprising 25-35% halogenated organic flame retardant, 25-40% alumina trihydrate, and 8-12% antimony trioxide, balance polyolefin.

19. The master batch of claim 16 wherein said polyolefin comprises polypropylene.

20. The master batch of claim 16, wherein said halogenated organic flame retardant comprises tetrabromobisphenol A.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention pertains to flame retardant shipping pallets of polyolefin plastic.

2. Background Art

In the past, shipping pallets were made largely of wood. More recently, numerous materials have at least partially superseded wood-based pallets. For example, pallets of injection molded polymers are being used increasingly. Such polymer pallets have numerous advantages. For example, polymer pallets are capable of being molded in complex shapes which facilitate the shipping of numerous types of articles. Polymer pallets are also easy to clean, which encourages their reuse.

Wood pallets are inherently combustible, and are rather easily ignited. While polymer articles are in general somewhat more difficult to ignite, once ignited they also constitute combustible products, and pound for pound have more potential energy than wood articles. In the shipping industry, empty pallets are often stacked together for reuse or for return to the shipper ("idle storage"). When wood pallets are so stacked and ignited, the fire is generally concentrated in an upward direction. However, when polymer pallets burn, in addition to having greater potential energy (combustibility), the flame can also spread downward by dripping. Thus, the combustion of polymer pallets involves more heat and more potential energy, a combustion mechanism not found in wood pallets. Thus, it is desirable to minimize the combustibility and heat release, and in turn lower the flame spread of polymer based pallets.

One solution which has been proposed is to produce pallets of polymers which are less flammable than pallets of commodity resins, such as polyolefins. However, such speciality polymers, e.g. polyphenylene oxide polymers, are considerably more expensive than the polyolefin polymers conventionally used to manufacture pallets. Such specialty polymers are also, in general, much more difficult to mold than polyolefins.

A standard test for pallet flammability has been established by Underwriters Laboratories, as UL 2335 "Fire Tests of Storage Pallets," referred to, for example, in WO 00/20495. In one version of this test, the "Idle Pallet Test," six stacks of pallets are assembled in a 2×3 array with a 6" longitudinal flue space longitudinally between arrays in a room with a 30 foot high flat ceiling having 165° F. (74° C.) standard response sprinklers having a design density of 0.60 gpm/ft2. An instrumented steel beam is placed near the ceiling, and the pallets are ignited by hydrocarbon soaked cellulosic bundle positioned in the flue space. The parameters assessed include flame spread, maximum steel beam temperature, and number of sprinklers activated. As can be seen, this test is a rather stringent one.

In a second version of the test, the so-called "Commodity Storage Test," a 2×2×2 array 1 of pallets 5, each carrying a Class II commodity carton 2, are placed 25 feet (7.5 m) below a 10 M watt heat release calorimeter 3 and ignited by four igniters in the center flue space, each igniter comprising a 3 inch (12.5 cm) cellulosic bundle soaked with 4 oz. (112 g) heptane in a polyethylene bag. Overhead sprinklers 4 at a height of 10 feet (3 m) are activated electromechanically when the instrumentation indicates that a sprinkler activation temperature of 286° F. (141° C.) has been reached. A series of three tests is made, with water application rates of 0.11, 0.21, and 0.31 gpm/ft2. In each test, four parameters are noted: maximum one minute mean total heat release rate; maximum one minute mean convective heat release rate; effective convective heat release rate, defined as the average convective heat release rate measured over five minutes of the most intense fire; and convective energy, the average convective heat release rate measured over the 10 minutes of most severe burning.

Although numerous flame retardants and combinations thereof are known for use in plastic articles, the stringent tests required of pallets render flame retardancy results unpredictable. Numerous flame retardants and combinations have been tested, and while many of these have been found suitable for polyolefin articles other than pallets, their use in pallets has not proven acceptable.

WO 00/20495 discloses pallets prepared from specialty resins such as polyphenylene ether resins, polycarbonate resins, vinyl aromatic graft copolymer resins, and polyetherimide resins further including arylphosphate esters and zinc chalcogenides. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,727,102, "self extinguishing" polyolefins are disclosed containing major amounts of ammonium polyphosphate, tris(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate, and melamine cyanurate. However, the large amounts of additives (40%) severely compromise the properties of products prepared from the polyolefin resin.

It would be desirable to provide a polyolefin composition suitable for use in molding pallets which is injection moldable, exhibits good flame retardance in standard tests, and which is commercially cost effective. However, until now, tests of flame retardant systems for use in polyolefin polymer pallets did not result in satisfactory performance.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It has now been surprisingly discovered that polyolefin-based plastic pallets can be manufactured which satisfactorily pass standard pallet flammability tests, when the polyolefin is compounded with a fire retardant package comprising minimally a halogenated flame retardant, alumina trihydrate, and antimony trioxide. The flame retardant ingredients are preferably supplied as a master batch and incorporated into conventional polyolefin molding resins prior to injection molding.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a typical Commodity Storage Test setup to assess flammability characteristics of pallets;

FIG. 2 illustrates the average steel beam temperature in an Idle Storage Test of flame retardant polymer pallets of the subject invention and similar sized softwood pallets.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The polymer pallets of the present invention may take numerous forms. It has been found convenient to mold pallets in several subassemblies and assemble the pallets together by snap fittings, fusion or adhesive bonding, or by a variety of such assembly techniques. In this manner, non-load bearing areas may be made of thinner section, thus minimizing raw material usage. Moreover, use of a plurality of subassemblies allows pallets of more complex shape to be produced.

The polymer of which the pallets of the subject invention are constructed is polyolefin, although it is not necessary to form all parts of these polymers. Pallet portions which contribute more to ease of flammability or flame spread may be made of other polymers which are less flammable than polyolefin or which tend to melt and/or drip less than polyolefin. A pallet construction which employs portions of different flammabilities which takes advantage of these characteristics is disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. application Ser. No. 10/040,098, filed Oct. 19, 2001, incorporated herein by reference.

The polyolefin polymers may be, for example, but not by way of limitation, polyethylene, polypropylene, or polybutylene. In general, the polyolefin polymers are copolymers, for example copolymers of ethylene with propylene, 1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, or mixtures thereof, or copolymers of propylene with ethylene, 1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-octene or mixtures thereof. Homo and copolymers of propylene are preferred. Different polyolefin polymers may be used for various subassemblies. Polymer blends of polyolefins with other compatible thermoplastics or with elastomeric tougheners such as elastomeric polymers of styrene, butadiene, alkyl acrylates, and the like are also useful. When such tougheners are used, they are generally present in the form of relatively small particles, or as interpenetrating polymer networks, as is well known in the art of toughened thermoplastics.

The polyolefin polymers may also be reinforced or filled. Suitable fillers include typical reinforcing and non-reinforcing fillers such as precipitated and fumed silicas, ground quartz, diatomaceous earth, ground limestone, ground dolomite, ground felspar, mica, expanded mica, precipitated calcium carbonate, etc. The term "reinforcing" with respect to fillers generally refers to fillers of small size and high surface area, for example mean particle sizes <1 µm and specific surface areas (BET) of 50 m2 /g or higher. Suitable fibrous fillers are typically short or long glass fibers. Other fibrous reinforcement such as aramid fiber, carbon fiber, boron nitride fiber, etc., may also be used, however such materials are generally more expensive than glass fibers. Some subassemblies may be filled or may contain fibrous reinforcement whereas other subassemblies may not, or may contain differing reinforcement and/or fillers. Use of continuous fiber reinforcement is also possible in some cases, particularly when polyolefin-based GMT intermediate products are used for molding, or when resin transfer molding and similar techniques are used.

The pallet or at least one of its component subassemblies must contain a flame retardant "FR" package in accordance with the subject invention. The subject invention FR package includes, in percent by weight relative to the total weight of polyolefin and FR package, from 4 to 14% halogenated organic flame retardant, preferably 7 to 12%, and more preferably 8 to 11%; from 4-15%, more preferably 8 to 12% and most preferably 9-11% alumina trihydrate; and 1-5%, more preferably 2 to 4% and most preferably about 3% antimony trioxide (Sb2 O3), these percentages being weight percents based on the weight of polymer and flame retardants. In particular, an FR package containing 8-10% halogenated organic flame retardant, 9-10% alumina trihydrate, and 3% antimony trioxide is used.

The halogenated organic flame retardant includes polyhalogenated organic compounds such as polybrominated biphenyl oxides, halogenated phosphate esters such as tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate and the like. However, the most preferred halogenated organic flame retardants comprise tetrabromobisphenol A ("TBBA") or admixtures of the latter with other halogenated organic flame retardants. Most preferably TBBA is present in an amount of 50% by weight or more relative to the total halogenated organic flame retardant.

The flame retardant ingredients, when solid, are supplied in pulverulent form, and may be incorporated into the polyolefin by conventional techniques, i.e. in mixers or blenders, but preferably in an extruder. It has been found that preparation of a master batch of the same or different polyolefin or other polyolefin compatible polymer, and containing approximately 2 to 5 times, preferably 2.5 to 4 times the final FR weight percentage is particularly useful. For example, a master batch containing about 30 weight percent organic flame retardant, 32 weight percent alumina trihydrate, and 10% antimony trioxide, balance polypropylene polymer, is highly useful. The master batch is then blended or "diluted" with additional polymer in an extruder prior to injection molding. By "extruder" is meant a screw-type device used to blend thermoplastics to form extrudates or to supply molten thermoplastic to an injection molding machine. The term should not be viewed as limiting, and other mixers may in principle be used.

By the term "polyolefin compatible" or simply "compatible" is meant a polymer which can be blended with polyolefin molding resin and molded into a polyolefin pallet or subassembly thereof while maintaining sufficient strength properties. The compatible polymer may phase separate to form small polymer particles or an interpenetrating polymer network, or may be miscible with the polyolefin. It is preferred that the compatible polymer be itself a polyolefin, particularly the same polyolefin or a polyolefin similar in composition to the polyolefin molding resin. For example, when polypropylene homopolymers or copolymers are used as the polyolefin molding resin, it is preferred that a polypropylene polymer be the polyolefin-compatible polymer of the flame retardant master batch.

The FR package of the present invention may also be used with auxiliary flame agents. Examples include nitrogenous organic compounds such as urea, melamine, and formaldehyde condensates thereof, in the form of powders, prills, fibers, etc., intumescents such as sugars and starches; carbon dioxide generators such as the various metal carbonates, and water generators such as hydrated metal salts. This list is exemplary, and not limiting.

Thus, in preferred embodiments, the pallets of the subject invention are molded of a plurality of subassemblies, which are then joined together, preferably by fusion bonding. In this manner, the composition of the various subassemblies may be varied to optimize pallet physical properties as well as flame retardant properties. For example, one or more of the subassemblies may contain a filler, fibrous reinforcement, or both. Likewise, as indicated previously, those subassemblies which contribute most to flammability may be more highly filled and may also contain higher levels of flame retardant. This is particularly true of the top deck of the pallet. Preferably, all subassemblies contain flame retardant, however.

Preferred pallets have a top deck, a bottom deck, and most preferably a plurality of columns between the top and bottom decks. At least the top deck and preferably all subassemblies are molded from polyolefin resin to which has been added a flame retardant master batch comprising 20 weight percent or more, preferably 20 to 25 weight percent, and most preferably 25 to 35 weight percent of one or more halogenated flame retardant(s); 20 weight percent or more, preferably 20 to 40 weight percent, and more preferably 25 to 40 weight percent alumina trihydrate; and 6 weight percent or more, preferably 6 to 15 weight percent, and more preferably 8 to 12 weight percent of antimony trioxide, at least 10% by weight of the master batch being an olefin compatible polymer.

Having generally described this invention, a further understanding can be obtained by reference to certain specific examples which are provided herein for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to be limiting unless otherwise specified.

EXAMPLE 1 AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE C1

Pallets were manufactured by injection molding of subassemblies from polypropylene resin. The subassemblies were assembled into completed pallets and joined together by fusion bonding. The pallet of Example 1 included the FR package of the present invention, added as a master batch containing 30% FR-720 halogenated organic flame retardant, 32% alumina trihydrate, and 10% antimony trioxide, remainder polypropylene. The master batch was added to the extruder with polypropylene resin such that the final polymer of the Example 1 pallet contained 9% FR-720 halogenated organic flame retardant, 9.6% alumina trihydrate, and 3% antimony trioxide. The comparative Example C1 contained no FR package.

Pallet Example
1 C1
Idle Storage Test pass fail
Commodity Storage Test pass fail



EXAMPLE 2 AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE C2

An Idle Storage Test as previously described was conducted in stacked 48×40 two-piece construction polymer pallets (polypropylene) which include the FR composition of the subject invention (Example 2). The average steel beam temperatures were plotted against time for these subject invention pallets and standard 48×40 softwood pallets. The results were presented graphically in FIG. 2. The subject invention pallets produced considerably lower temperatures 10 than the wood pallets 11, and pass the Idle Storage Test. Polyolefin pallets containing no FR package exhibit higher temperatures than do the softwood pallets, and do not pass the test. The horizontal line 12 represents the pass/fail limit.

The results indicate that the flame retardant package of the subject invention is suitable for use in pallets, where unique flame retardant properties are required. The subject invention pallet Example 1 was able to pass both Underwriters Laboratory pallet tests, while a similar pallet of the same base molding resin did not. Likewise, the Example 2 pallet shows considerable improvement over wood pallet flammability.

While embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described, it is not intended that these embodiments illustrate and describe all possible forms of the invention. Rather, the words used in the specification are words of description rather than limitation, and it is understood that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

* * * * *
Other References

* "Intumescents: Coating Contains Dual Components," Flame Retardancy News, vol. 11; Issue 7, Jul. 1, 2001.
* Renstrom, R., "Clean Rooms Getting Cleaner," Plastics News, vol. 13, N. 30, Sep. 24, 2001.
* "Prototype Production will Utilize Breakthrough Thermoplastic Flow Forming Technology to Achieve Superior Performance and Economic Results," Las Vegas Business Wire, Jul. 23, 2001.
* English Abstract corresponding to JP 11278485 A.
* Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. "UL 2335 Performance Testing".



We can supply any quantity and any kind of Antimony products from stock.would you please inform us how many you need and your target price, then we will confirm ASAP. We are sincerely hope to do business with you and establish long term business relationship with your respectable company.

Look forward to hearing from you soon.

Best regards,

Sam Xu
Contact me:
MSN: xubiao_1996@hotmail.com
GMAIL: samjiefu@gmail.com
SKPYE:jiefu1996


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[+/-] : Metals bolster Russia's profits, power

Wearing fireproof coveralls, Ilya Dmitriyev plods past a smelter that belches smoke and gushes molten metal, the chief product of this gritty patch of Arctic tundra where the air tastes of sulphur and concrete apartment blocks crumble on the shifting permafrost.

This is the home of Norilsk Nickel, a former slave labour camp – once part of the dictator Josef Stalin's infamous Gulag – that is now the grey capital of Russia's glittering new metals empire.

Since President Vladimir Putin came to power in 2000, oil and natural gas have fuelled Russia's economic rebirth, creating a generation of young Russian billionaires. Now metal is Russia's latest natural resource bonanza.

The rise of the industry has delighted investors but has caused disquiet among foreign security analysts. Some fear Moscow might use its vast mineral wealth as a tool for coercive diplomacy, the way many believe the Kremlin has used oil and gas supplies to punish western-leaning former Soviet nations.

As the output of Chinese and Indian factories surged last year, the price of nickel leapt 64 percent to an average of $24,155 per ton on the London Metal Exchange, more than doubling Norilsk Nickel's profits. While the price has retreated from a high of over $50,000 per ton in May, it currently trades at around $29,000 a ton.

Workers like Dmitriyev have benefited. Wages here rose 40 percent in April, and Norilsk's smelter workers now earn about $1,500 monthly – triple the national average.

But the big winners at Norilsk are the company's two 40-something shareholders, the cautious Vladimir Potanin and the flamboyant bachelor Mikhail Prokhorov.

In the last year, their personal fortunes more than doubled, to more than $13.5 billion each, according to Forbes magazine. Russia's top five metals magnates – including Potanin and Prokhorov – saw their combined value jump 70 percent last year, to $66 billion, Forbes said.

Through Norilsk, these two men control half of the world's output of palladium, which is used in catalytic convertors, and one fifth of its nickel – a key ingredient in stainless steel.

Prices have risen sharply for most metals Russia produces, not just nickel. Copper is up 30 percent this year. Average aluminium prices rose 36 percent last year; the metal is currently trading 8 percent above the 2006 average. Iron ore prices have doubled in the last three years. Meanwhile, Russia's low electricity rates and wages have made mining companies more profitable than their competitors abroad.

Russia's mineral wealth has few rivals. A local legend says as God scattered riches around the world, his hands froze when he came to Norilsk and dropped everything that he was carrying.

Record profits have driven a wave of acquisitions. Of the $9.5 billion spent on acquisitions by Russian companies last year, metals companies accounted for 84 percent, Russian Mergers & Acquisitions magazine reports. This year, that figure could double.

In June, Norilsk acquired control of a Canadian mining operation, LionOre, in a $6.4 billion deal – the largest-ever Russian purchase overseas. The deal adds nickel mines and processing plants in Australia, South Africa and Botswana to the company's portfolio.

Norilsk also controls Stillwater Mining Co. of Montana, the only U.S. platinum and palladium miner. This year it paid $408 million for the Cleveland-based OM Group Inc.'s nickel assets in Australia and Finland.

Created to strengthen Stalin's USSR, Norilsk Nickel – like so many Soviet mammoths – was sold for a song by President Boris Yeltsin to politically connected bankers in the 1990s.

But analysts praise Potanin and Prokhorov for streamlining a sprawling, debt-laden colossus into a modern multinational. The company controls mines and refineries in eight countries and employs tens of thousands of workers across the globe.

But it is just one of Russia's metals titans.

More than 12 percent of global aluminium output comes from the privately owned UC Russian Aluminum, the world's biggest producers of the vital metal. Russia's state-owned mines and stockpiles account for 20 percent of the world's uranium, more than any single country. A mining company controlled by the state arms exporter, Rosoboronexport, is the world's biggest producer of titanium.

Without titanium from Russia's VSMPO-Avisma, Boeing Co.'s 787 Dreamliner and Airbus's A350 XWB couldn't fly, analysts say. The metal is also critical to Lockheed Martin Corp.'s F-35 Joint Strike Fighter, an advanced fighter bomber being jointly developed by Britain and the U.S.

In the West, there is quiet concern Russia will use its clout in the metals market to help consolidate its geopolitical power.

"Due to Russia's actions on the nonferrous metals markets, there have been claims of manipulation or dubious behaviour," Robert Larsson of the Swedish Defense Research Agency wrote in a report. "As the sector by and large is shielded from insight and data are secret or unreliable, it is hard to assess, but it is clear that Russia's impact on the markets is substantial."

Metals are too easily moved around for Russia to cut off supplies to a single country, as it can with piped gas. But any interruptions at mines like Norilsk's would have a huge impact on markets.

"A Russian decision, or threat, to cut off supplies of minerals would certainly drive the world price up – probably significantly," said Liam Anderson, co-author of the book "Strategic Minerals and Global Geo-Economics."

Disruptions in nickel or aluminium supplies, he said, "would have a trickle-down effect throughout the global economy."

For now, Norilsk Nickel is ostensibly free to act independently. Outside Russia its shares trade in the U.S., Britain and Germany. Some of them are held by investment funds, about 22 percent is held by the Bank of New York as ADRs. But the company may be less independent of the Kremlin than it seems, and even this nominal autonomy may not last.

The company has long been rumoured to be a Kremlin takeover target.

Prokhorov, a 6-foot-7 playboy, has pledged to sell his stake by the end of the year to Potanin, his long-time business partner. That would give Potanin, a more politic figure, 52 percent of the company, and he has said it wouldn't be "a tragedy" if the government bought up Norilsk.

Tycoons who cross the Kremlin find their businesses scrutinized, or even the target of criminal investigations. More than a dozen are wanted in Russia and are currently living abroad.

A Kremlin spokesman declined to comment on the possibility.

Prokhorov's withdrawal was announced shortly after French police detained him at a posh Alpine ski resort in France on suspicion of involvement in a prostitution ring. In the end no charges were filed, but the incident became tabloid fodder in Russia and abroad. He left his post as general director in April.

The company said Prokhorov had long planned to sell his stake. But industry watchers suspect the Kremlin used the case to force Prokhorov out.

"Norilsk clearly stands out as one of Russia's strategically important companies, where the state doesn't have a significant equity stake," said Chris Weafer, chief strategist with Moscow's Alfa Bank.

That could change, he said: "Rather than sitting in the Kremlin saying 'this what we would like you to do,' it's much better to sit on the board and say 'this is what we're going to do.'"




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[+/-] : On titanium dioxide, 'the whitest of white' pigments

In the latest controversy surrounding land acquisition for corporate projects, the titanium dioxide plant proposed to be set up the Tata Group in Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu has run into rough weather, with the local population expressing opposition and several political parties threatening agitations. The project is being opposed on environmental grounds and fear of loss of livelihood.

But what exactly is ilmenite and what are the industrial uses of titanium, which is extracted from it, and its dioxide?

Speaking to Business Line on the extraction and applications of titanium metal and titanium dioxide, Dr C.H. Krishnamurthi Rao, Chairman of Titanium Equipment and Anode Mfg Co Ltd (TEAM), a Chennai-based company, said that titanium dioxide, as the "whitest of white" pigments, finds extensive use in quality paints, paper and plastics.

"It is also used as an opacifying agent in cosmetics and printing inks, radioactive decontamination of the skin, glassware, ceramics and floor coverings. Besides, it finds application in delustering of synthetic fibres and lustrous finishing of cottons."

According to him, titanium dioxide is also used in high-temperature transducers in electronics and in the coating of welding rods.

On titanium metal, he said that as a non-corrosive metal having the "great advantage" of strength-to-weight ratio and high temperature heat resistance, it is the preferred structural material in aircraft, jet engines, missiles and satellites.

"It finds special applications in desalination, chlorine production and textile equipment."

Dr Rao's company, TEAM, has undertaken manufacture of titanium electrodes for use in caustic soda and other electrolytic industries.

"The availability of titanium electrodes was also responsible for the development and propagation of membrane cell technology in India, thus completely eliminating mercury pollution from the caustic soda industries."

TEAM had also involved itself in life science operations by manufacturing titanium hip and shoulder orthopaedic replacements and inserts.

According to Dr Rao, titanium metal is preferred because of its compatibility with biological fluids.

Desalination plants are another area offering immense potential, he added.

Stating that ilmenite, the titanic iron ore, is available in beach sand in areas like Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu, Dr Rao said that after mining and beneficiation, it takes three streams of commercial products – upgraded ilmenite or synthetic rutile, chemical titanium dioxide and titanium metal.

"DCW Ltd manufactures upgraded ilmenite or synthetic rutile, which has 95 per cent of titanium dioxide content. It is only a raw material used in the manufacture of the dioxide. DCW produces around 42,000 tonnes of upgraded synthetic rutile."

Informing that titanium dioxide is manufactured by the chlorination of the ilmenite, he said that Kerala Minerals and Metals manufactures the dioxide through the rutile process, "wherein ilmenite ore is upgraded to make synthetic rutile, which is further upgraded to titanium tetrachloride. This is used in making titanium dioxide of rutile grade. Kerala Minerals and Metals produces around 36,000 tonnes of titanium dioxide." There are, however, environmental issues, especially relating to effluents.

For extraction of titanium metal, ilmenite is subjected to the process of reduction, using sodium or magnesium.

"The titanium sponge thus obtained is consolidated by melting, which requires highly sophisticated technology."

Dr Rao added that the Tatas have only said that they would be making titanium dioxide "but not specified what process they will be using – rutile or sulphate. For the rutile process, hydrochloric acid is used to leach ilmenite ore, while in sulphuric acid is used in the other. The rutile grade dioxide is superior in quality and price."

He also said that ilmenite ore containing minor quantities of monazite was earlier classified under the category of radioactive materials.

"The exploration, processing, export and import of these ores were under the vigilant control of the Mines and Minerals Act and the Atomic Energy Commission."

So far, the manufacture of titanium dioxide was the monopoly of public sector undertakings.

"Kerala Minerals and Metals remains the only indigenous source for titanium dioxide, and MIDHANI, Hyderabad, for titanium-rolled products out of imported titanium metal sponge (similar to ingots)."

Dr Rao attributed the flurry of investment in products based on ilmenite ore to the constant demand and bright prospects for both the chemical and metallic versions of titanium. – The Hindu




We can supply any quantity and any kind of Antimony products from stock.would you please inform us how many you need and your target price, then we will confirm ASAP. We are sincerely hope to do business with you and establish long term business relationship with your respectable company.

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[+/-] : China's antimony ingot prices surge to $5600/mt FOB

China's antimony ingot prices have surged to around $5,500-5,600/mt FOB China, led by prolonged tight supplies to the export markets, according to industry sources Tuesday. Prices were at $5,400-5,500/mt FOB China in late July and were at around $5,200-5,300/mt FOB China in June.

An official from Beijing Antaike, the state-run nonferrous information provider, told Platts: "Spot deals are said to be done at $5,600/mt FOB China. Chinese supplies for exports remain tight as some producers in Hunan region had cut down production earlier."

According to local industry sources, antimony producers in the Hunan region earlier were required to temporarily stop production due to environmental concerns. Only those larger-scale producers who met the environmental standards set by the local government were allowed to continue production. China's Hunan province is rich in antimony reserves.

The Antaike source added: "Antimony producers in Hunan region are undergoing consolidation, while some producers have just resumed their output. The situation continues to slow export activity as it normally takes half a month to one month to ship the material to overseas consumers."

He, however, expected that prices were "very unlikely to have much room to move up further as it would be too high for overseas consumers."

He added that domestic prices for antimony ingot and antimony trioxide were now quoted at around Yuan 41,000 ($5,406)/mt and Yuan 38,000/mt, respectively.

One Hong Kong-based trader agreed that spot material was recently sold at around $5,600/mt FOB China. "Antimony ingot prices are higher but there is a lack of trade activity as it's difficult to get the spot material for exports," he said.

Meanwhile, an official from Yunnan Muli Antimony Mine said the company is at present offering antimony trioxide at Yuan 38,000/mt ex-plant. "Domestic prices are steady so far," he said. The official added that the company aims to produce 6,000 mt/year of antimony trioxide in 2007.




We can supply any quantity and any kind of Antimony products and fire retardant from stock.would you please inform us how many you need and your target price, then we will confirm ASAP. We are sincerely hope to do business with you and establish long term business relationship with your respectable company.

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[+/-] : American antimony trioxide market warms up

BEIJING (Asian Metal) 26 Jul 07 – As Hunan miners and metal productions had not reopened their production, Chinese antimony suppliers raised the offers in the oversea markets. American consumers felt the change and started to get back to the market.
A representative of a Chinese supplier told Asian Metal that price of antimony trioxide is as high as USD2.5/lb d.d.p. now, and the price was about USD2.35/lb d.d.p. in early July.
According to the source, there are more inquiries received this week, and deals were concluded at the above price. “I believe the customers feel the higher prices and come to the market before the price gets higher.”
An American trader who located in the east coast confirmed the price at USD2.5/lb d.d.p., and the price was USD2.4/lb d.d.p. two weeks ago. “I only received offers from one Chinese supplier, and all others are not offering material now.” He thinks the Chinese suppliers are holding material waiting for further development in Hunan, “luckily, I have enough in stock now.”
The trader said demand in last week was good due to the raising price, but there are still some consumers who are waiting for the price to come down in the near future.




We can supply any quantity and any kind of Antimony products from stock.would you please inform us how many you need and your target price, then we will confirm ASAP. We are sincerely hope to do business with you and establish long term business relationship with your respectable company.

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[+/-] : Antimony market summary Jul 23-27

BEIJING (Asian Metal) 30 Jul 07 – Antimony market kept fluctuating during the week as it is still unclear when closed mines and smelters in Hunan may restart.

The closures of smelters did not attract more buyers to come back to the market. As demand remains weak, antimony ingot producers continue reducing offers to stimulate consumer buying at the beginning of the week. Some major smelters cut offers to around RMB40,500/t (USD5,350/t) ex works and small smelters in Lengshuijiang district decreased quotations to RMB37,500-38,000/t (USD4,954-5,020/t) VAT excluded.

However, as inquires did not pour in as expected, producers gave up their attempt of attracting buyers by reducing price. “No matter how low we quote, market demand will continue to be very weak in this slack season. Furthermore, as we have been out of production for nearly a month, we don’t have many stocks on hand. Therefore, we do not bother to offer and decide to hold on till consumers come back to the market,” producers said. Therefore, many producers ceased quoting or raised offers again, waiting for consumers’ return.

Similar to Chinese local market, the export market of antimony ingot has also been swinging. Some buyers received lower offers of USD5,300-5,350/t FOB for antimony ingot at the beginning of week whereas the offers bounced back to USD5,400-5,500/t FOB late in the week. However, neither Chinese export market nor spot market in Europe saw much business due to both fluctuating prices and absence of westerners.

The antimony trioxide market in China still keeps sluggish and prices decrease a little on weak demand. Some suppliers who concluded deals at around RMB37,000/t (USD4,888/t) ex works in the previous week reported that it is hard to sell at RMB36,500/t (USD4,822/t) ex works. Producer sources reported that many consumers prefer to use low-grade antimony oxide due to the low price.

However, the export price for antimony trioxide keeps firm prompted by the effort of major suppliers. According to market sources, traders offer Twinkling Star antimony trioxide at as high as USD4,950-5,000/t FOB and other materials with famous brand such as Muli and Huachang are also offered at USD4,850-4,900/t FOB. However, limited deals were concluded in the week.


We can supply any quantity and any kind of Antimony products from stock.would you please inform us how many you need and your target price, then we will confirm ASAP. We are sincerely hope to do business with you and establish long term business relationship with your respectable company.

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Sam Xu
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[+/-] : European antimony consumers leaving market

BEIJING (Asian Metal) 30 Jul 07 – From this Monday, one of the major European antimony trioxide producers in Europe also left the market for holiday. As most manufacturers left, antimony market will continue to be quiet.

A major European consumer told Asian Metal that he thinks the situation in China has almost no effect to the European market, as July is the quietest time of the year. Even with no environmental control in Hunan province, there will still be regular equipment maintenance for most of the suppliers.

The source claimed that after Chinese suppliers closed in Hunan, the consumer received offers of standard grade two antimony ingot at around USD200/t higher than the offers they received at end of June, but the new offers were still lower than the prices talked by others. “I have never received price higher than USD5,650/t CIF Rotterdam, most offers were still under USD5,400/t CIF Rotterdam.”

The source holds that most the deals talking in the market are the material traded between traders with no end-users involved. He expects market continues to be quiet in August, and recovers in early September.

A UK trader bought one container grade two antimony ingot with 60ppm bismuth content at USD5,480/t in warehouse Rotterdam. According to the source, material with less than 50ppm bismuth content is offered at USD5,500/t in warehouse Rotterdam. “My customer asked for material urgently, so I have to buy material in the warehouse already.”

The source said that the market is very quiet in general, and will remain quiet in the following several weeks.



We can supply any quantity and any kind of Antimony products from stock.would you please inform us how many you need and your target price, then we will confirm ASAP. We are sincerely hope to do business with you and establish long term business relationship with your respectable company.

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[+/-] : Antimony Introduction

Antimony is the element with interesting history and interesting properties; element which have been used widely for a long time; element which is important not only for the development of science and technical sphere but for cultural one also. The historians consider that first productions of antimony appeared in Ancient East about 5 thousand years ago.

The history of antimony and its name Along with gold, mercury, copper and other six elements the antimony is considered to be prehistoric. Name of its discoverer didn’t reach our ears. It is only known that, for example, in Babylon as far back as 3 thousand years B.C. vessels were made of it. Latin name of the element “stibium” is met in the works of Plinius Maior. However Greek “στιβι”, from which this name came from, was referred not to antimony itself initially, but to its most spread mineral – sulphide of antimony.

In the countries of ancient Europe only this mineral was known. In the middle of the century people learned how to melt “antimony regulus”, which was considered to be semimetal. The outstanding scientist of the medieval metallurgical science, Agricola, wrote: “If while the alloying some portion of antimony is added to lead the type-metal alloy will be formed. It is used for making the type applied by those who publish the books”. Thus the history of application of element # 51 in the printing works counted many centuries.

Firstly, the properties and methods of getting the antimony, its compounds and alloys were described in details in the famous book “Triumphal chariot of antimony”, issued in 1604 in Europe. Name “antimonium”, given by the author to natural sulphureous antimony here came from Greek ανεμον – “flower” (by appearance of joins of acicular crystals of antimony sulphide, reminding the flowers of composites).

Name “antimonium” in our country and abroad was referred to this mineral only for a long time. And metal antimony was called antimony regulus at that time - regulus antimony. In 1789 Lavoisier included the antimony in the list of elementary substances and give name antimonie to it that still remains the French name of element # 51. English and German names - antimony, Antimon – are close to it.

But there is also an another version according to which the superior of abbey in Stalgauzen, noticed the great state and weight increase of pigs, licking “dark substance with metallic luster” and decided to mix it with the food of his monks. Forty monks died with terrible tortures. From that time the substance acquired the name “antimonium”, i.e. remedy against monks (see details in Y.Gashek. “Stone of life”).

Russian name of this element – “surma” – came from Turkish word “surme”, that is translated as “rubbing” or “darkening the eyebrows”. Right up to XIX in Russia there was a colloquialism “to antimony the eyebrows”, though they “antimonied” them not always with antimony compounds. Only one of them - black modification of trisulfide antimony – was applied as paint for eye-brows. This very substance was designated by word, that later became Russian name of element # 51.

Why do we need antimony? Metal antimony is applied rarely because of its brittleness. However since the antimony increases the hardness of the other metals (tin, lead) and is not oxidized at normal conditions, the metallurgists add it to different alloys sometimes. Number of alloys including element # 51 is approximately two hundred. The most distinguished alloys of antimony are hard lead (or antimony lead), typographical metal, bearing metals.

Bearing metals are the alloys of antimony with tin, lead and copper, sometimes zinc and bismuth are added to them. These alloys are rather easily melted; they are used for the manufacturing of the bearing insert. The most spread alloys of this group are babbits, they contain from 4 to 15 % of antimony. The babbits are applied in the machine tool building, in railway and motor transport. The bearing metals feature sufficient hardness, high attrition resistance, high corrosion-resistance.

The antimony belongs to small number of metals which expand at the consolidation. Due to this property of the antimony the typographical metal – alloy of lead (82 %), tin (3 %) and antimony (15 %) – fills the molds while making the types very well; the molded from this metal strings give accurate prints. The antimony gives hardness, impact stability and strength to the typographical metal.

The lead alloyed with the antimony (from 5 to 15 %) is known as antimony lead of hard lead. The adding 1% Sb to the lead already increases its hardness. Hard lead is used in chemical machine building and in the manufacturing of tubes in which corrosive liquids are transported. The coatings for telegraph, telephone and electrical cables, electrodes, accumulator plates are also made of it. By the way, the manufacturing of the accumulator plate is one of the most principal directions of element # 51 application. The antimony is added to the lead, used for the manufacturing of shrapnel and bullets.

The antimony compounds are widely used in technics. Trisulfide antimony is used in the production of matches and pyrotechnics. Most of the antimony materials are also obtained from this compound. Pentasulfide antimony is applied for the caoutchouc vulcanization. “Medical” rubber, containing Sb2S5, has specific red color and high elasticity. Heat-resistant antimony trioxide is used in the production of fireproof paints, construction materials, fabrics, conveyer belts, enamel.

Intermetallic compounds of the antimony with aluminum, gallium, indium possess semiconducting properties. The antimony is used for the improving of the properties of one of the most important semiconductor – germanium.

Hydrated potassium antimonyl (emetic stone) is used for the production of preparations for the curing of stomach diseases. Such compounds as ethylstibamine, sodium gluconate antimonyl (Pentostam) and N-Methylglucamin antimonate (Glucantime) are applied for curing the leishmaniasis.

Many antimony compounds may act as the pigments in the paints. So the antimponial acid potassium (K2O · 2Sb2O5) is widely used in the production of ceramics. Meta-antimonial acid sodium (NaSbO3) called leikonin is used for coating the cooking battery and in the production of the enamel and white milk glass. The famous paint “Neapolitan yellow” is nothing but antimonial acid yellow lead. It is applied in the painting as oil-base paint and for colouring the ceramics and porcelain. Even metallic antimony in a form of fine-dyspersated powder is used as paint. This powder is base of famous paint “iron black”.

In a word, the antimony is one of the ancient metals, known by the mankind and today it is still needed to us.


We can supply any quantity and any kind of Antimony products from stock.would you please inform us how many you need and your target price, then we will confirm ASAP. We are sincerely hope to do business with you and establish long term business relationship with your respectable company.

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[+/-] : Global antimony market to reach 169,000 mt by 2010

Antimony trioxide is a major compound used in flame retardant formulations in plastic, textile, paint, and rubber industries. Worldwide antimony market is characterized by slow growth and a significant decline in prices in the past few years. Decline in demand forced several producers to cut down production and diversify their business. Price control measures taken by China, the largest producer of antimony, are likely to show a considerable impact on the market.

China is the leading antimony producer accounting for over 85% of global antimony and antimony trioxide market mine production, as stated by Global Industry Analysts, Inc. Other major producers include South Africa, Bolivia, Russia, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan. Antimony trioxide is a major compound used in flame retardant formulations in plastic, textile, paint and rubber industries. Tajikistan is projected to be the fastest growing region with a CAGR of about 4.5% over the ten-year analysis period. Global antimony demand is primarily derived from the flame retardant sector that consumes 60-65% of the global antimony and 90% of global antimony trioxide produce. Plastics sector in Asia also forms a key consumer of antimony. As much as 80% of the Japanese output of antimony trioxide is consumed by the flame retardant sector. Antimony trioxide demand is forecast to surpass antimony metal demand.

Key players dominating the global antimony and antimony trioxide market include Gredmann Group, Hsikwangshan Twinkling Star, Metorex, Nanning Antimony Product Factory, SICA, United States Antimony Corporation, and Guangdong JIEFU



We can supply any quantity and any kind of Antimony products from stock.would you please inform us how many you need and your target price, then we will confirm ASAP. We are sincerely hope to do business with you and establish long term business relationship with your respectable company.

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[+/-] : China's Muli expects to output 6,000 mt antimony trioxide in 2007

Hong Kong (Platts)--23Jul2007

China's Yunnan Muli Antimony Mine is on target to produce about 6,000
mt/year of antimony trioxide in 2007, a company official said Monday. The
company will also produce about 3,000 mt of antimony ingots this year.

"Our antimony ingot output is used as raw material to produce antimony
trioxide. But this is not enough for our trioxide production and we have to
source more ingot from other local producers in China," the official said. He
added that the company has its own antimony mine.

"The supply of antimony products in China will only get tighter as
recently more producers in the Hunan region had to stop production due to the
country's rising environmental concerns," he said. This would probably lead to
higher prices for antimony products, he added.

Muli is offering antimony trioxide at present at Yuan 38,500 ($5,090)/mt
FOB Huangpu, the official said. It sells 70% of its antimony trioxide products
overseas and the rest in the domestic market.

Production costs had become higher for Chinese producers following the
cancellation of the 5% export rebate on antimony trioxide with effect from
July 1, the official said. "I expect the prices are likely to rise further
later this year," he added.



We can supply any quantity and any kind of Antimony products from stock.would you please inform us how many you need and your target price, then we will confirm ASAP. We are sincerely hope to do business with you and establish long term business relationship with your respectable company.

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[+/-] : Antimony trioxide market stagnant

BEIJING (Asian Metal) 24 Jul 07 – As no major consumers in the market now, the rising antimony price has not attracted more deals in the market, and remaining consumers are waiting for the price to fall.

A German trader told Asian Metal that antimony market is very quiet in Europe and the offered price he received for 99.5%min Twinkling Star antimony trioxide is USD5,250/t CIF Rotterdam. However, no consumers are interested in such price now.

“Plus, my customers want me to guarantee the material with at least 99.6%min antimony oxide content and with other specific.” According to him, the offers from other source can provide him the specified material at around USD5,000/t CIF Rotterdam, which is also a very high price.

Market is very slow at the moment, the trader thinks it will recover when people come back form holiday, “at beginning or middle of September, depending on where is in Germany.”

An Indian trader received offers from Chinese suppliers at around USD5,050/t CIF Nhava Sheva for regular 99.5%min antimony trioxide, “but the consumers are asking price at around USD4,800/t CIF India, so no one is interested to buy the material now.”

He thinks price is likely to drop if the market keeps dull in India, and rebounds at the same time as the European market.


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Sam Xu
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Chinese antimony market

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[+/-] : Hunnan Nonferrous raises $154.81 mln from share placement

Hong Kong-listed Hunan Nonferrous Metals Corporation Ltd. intends to raise a total of HKD 1.21 billion($154.81 million) through a share placement on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, according to a company announcement released on Tuesday.

According to the announcement, Hunan Nonferrous will issue 272.12million H-shares at a per-share-price of HKD 4.93 ($0.63), increasing the total number of company H-shares by approximately 20 percent.

The shares to be issued include 247.38 million new H-shares and 24.74million H-shares, converted from the same number of domestic state-owned shares, through the National Social Security Fund Council of China, according to the announcement.

"The share placement was completed by the close of trade yesterday," a Hunan Nonferrous general affairs department official, surnamed Xu, said today.

"The fund raised from the placement will be used to finance several overseas mining rights acquisitions concerning lead, zinc, tungsten and antimony," Xu said.

However, he declined to comment on any acquisition plan details. Hunan Nonferrous suspended stock trading on July 10 and resumed trading yesterday.

Hunan Nonferrous is China's largest comprehensive base metals producer and owns the world's largest tungsten and antimony mines

Pls let us know if you are interesting in it. with any question, ask me freely.Tks you.
Sam Xu
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MSN: xubiao_1996@hotmail.com
GMAIL: samjiefu@gmail.com
SKPYE:jiefu1996


Chinese antimony market

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[+/-] : Fire retardant plasticized polyvinyl chloride compositions containing triphosphate plasticizer, aluminum hydroxide and antimony trioxide filler

Soft or plasticized polyvinyl chloride compositions with good chemical, mechanical and electrical properties characterized by their fire-retardant and flame-resistant properties comprising polyvinyl chloride with a content of a triphosphate plasticizer, aluminum hydroxide and antimony trioxide compounds. The compositions are particularly suitable for use in electrical conductors as sheathings and/or insulation.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Soft or plasticized polyvinyl chloride compositions are used for many purposes in industry. However, the plasticization of the PVC results in a clear deterioration of the flame resistance of the polyvinyl chloride. For this reason it has been tried repeatedly to make polyvinyl chloride compositions more fire resistant, particularly less inflammable, by either adding flame-retarding plasticizers or by the incorporation of additional flame-retarding substances (see, for example, Published German applications Nos. DOS 19 26 412, 19 31 697; and 24 59 957). Such plasticizers and additives, however, caused in the past, a deterioration of the mechanical, chemical and/or electrical properties of these plasticized polyvinyl chloride compositions, and the flame resistance was not always satisfactory.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

An object of the present invention is the development of a soft or plasticized polyvinyl chloride with good chemical, mechanical and electrical properties together with good fire-retardant and flame-resistant properties.

Another object of the present invention is the production of a plasticized polyvinyl chloride composition with flame-resistant properties consisting essentially of

(a) for every 100 parts by weight of a vinyl chloride polymer selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl chloride, copolymers of vinyl chloride with up to 10% of monomers copolymerizable with vinyl chloride, and mixtures thereof,

(b) from 1 to 7 parts by weight of conventional stabilizers against decomposition,

(c) from 20 to 100 parts by weight of a plasticizer mixture of from 50% to 100% by weight of the mixture of at least one phosphoric acid triester having the formula ##STR1## wherein R is a member selected from the group consisting of alkyl having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, chloroalkyl having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, phenyl, C.sub.1-4 -alkylphenyl and di-C.sub.1-4 -alkylphenyl, and from 0 to 50% by weight of the mixture of chlorinated paraffins containing from 30% to 60% chlorine content, based on the total possible chlorine substitution,

(d) from 15 to 100 parts by weight of aluminum hydroxide filler,

(e) from 2 to 10 parts by weight of a flameretarding substance selected from the group consisting of antimony trioxide and complexes of antimony trioxide and silica,

(f) from 0 to 10 parts by weight of conventional flame inhibitors selected from the group consisting of zinc boron salts and tri-polybromoalkyl phosphates with 2 to 5 carbon atoms in the alkyl, each with 2 to 4 bromine atoms, and mixtures thereof where the total amount of flame inhibitors and retarding substances does not exceed 15 parts by weight, and

(g) from 0 to 10 parts by weight of auxiliary substances selected from the group consisting of lubricants, pigments, light protecting agents, processing aids, conventional fillers and conventional plasticizers.

These and other objects of the invention will become more apparent as the description thereof proceeds.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The subject of the present invention are soft or plasticized polyvinyl chloride compositions containing

(a) 100 parts by weight of polyvinyl chloride

(b) 1 to 7 parts by weight of stabilizer

(c) 20 to 100 parts by weight of plasticizer

(d) 15 to 100 parts by weight of filler, characterized in that they contain, as a plasticizer one or more phosphoric esters with, optionally, chlorine substituted alkyl radicals with 2 to 10 carbon atoms and/or, optionally, substituted phenyl radicals, as a filler aluminum hydroxide, and as a flame-retarding substance antimony trioxide or complex antimony compound in amounts of 2 to 10 parts by weight.

Broadly, therefore, the present invention relates to a plasticized polyvinyl chloride composition comprising

(a) 100 parts by weight of polyvinyl chloride,

(b) 1 to 7 parts by weight of conventional stabilizers against decomposition,

(c) 20 to 100 parts by weight of a plasticizer phosphoric acid ester with an alcohol moiety selected from the group consisting of alkyl having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, chlorine substituted alkyl having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, phenyl and lower alkyl substituted phenyl,

(d) 15 to 100 parts by weight of aluminum hydroxide filler, and

(e) 2 to 10 parts by weight of a flame-retarding substance selected from the group consisting of antimony trioxide and complex antimony compounds.

More particularly, the invention relates to a plasticized polyvinyl chloride composition with flame-resistant properties consisting essentially of

(a) for every 100 parts by weight of a vinyl chloride polymer selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl chloride, copolymers of vinyl chloride with up to 10% of monomers copolymerizable with vinyl chloride, and mixtures thereof,

(b) from 1 to 7 parts by weight of conventional stabilizers against decomposition,

(c) from 20 to 100 parts by weight of a plasticizer mixture of from 50% to 100% by weight of the mixture of at least one phosphoric acid triester having the formula ##STR2## wherein R is a member selected from the group consisting of alkyl having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, chloroalkyl having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, phenyl, C.sub.1-4 -alkylphenyl and di-C.sub.1-4 -alkylphenyl, and from 0 to 50% by weight of the mixture of chlorinated paraffins containing from 30% to 60% chlorine content, based on the total possible chlorine substitution,

(d) from 15 to 100 parts by weight of aluminum hydroxide filler,

(e) from 2 to 10 parts by weight of a flame-retarding substance selected from the group consisting of antimony trioxide and complexes of antimony trioxide and silica,

(f) from 0 to 10 parts by weight of conventional flame inhibitors selected from the group consisting of zinc boron salts and tri-polybromoalkyl phosphates with 2 to 5 carbon atoms in the alkyl, each with 2 to 4 bromine atoms, and mixtures thereof, where the total amount of the flame inhibitors and retarding substances does not exceed 15 parts by weight, and

(g) from 0 to 10 parts by weight of auxiliary substances selected from the group consisting of lubricants, pigments, light protecting agents, processing aids, conventional fillers and conventional plasticizers.

The soft or plasticized PVC compositions according to the invention are suitable for all applications where, in addition to the known mechanical properties of plasticized PVC, non-combustibility or difficult flammability are important, such as, in construction, automotive engineering and in electrical installations. As examples of such applications are: as a material for packings and profiles, but particularly as sheathings and/or insulation of electric conductors, such as cables.

By the use of the composition according to the invention, the low flammability of hard PVC can be achieved without the expected loss of the mechanical, chemical and electrical properties (see German Patent DAS No. 23 11 550), compared to the conventionally plasticized and therefore highly inflammable PVC, which would make their use in the above-mentioned fields impossible.

The measure of the inflammability and combustibility of a material frequently used is the oxygen index according to Fenimore and Marin (LOI=low oxygen index, according to ASTM D-2863-70). The LOI indicates at which minimum volume percentage of oxygen in a nitrogen-oxygen mixture, combustion of the specimen can still be maintained.

Another important criterion for the combustion behavior is the flue gas density (according to ASTM D-2843-70). The flue gas density indicates the percentage of the extinction of a light ray through a layer of combustion gases.

A prerequisite for the admissible use of contruction materials is frequently its assignment to a certain combustion class of the German Industrial Specifications DIN 4102. In addition to class A for mineral construction materials, e.g. silicate materials, there are the classes B1 for difficultly flammable, B2 for flammable, and B3 for highly flammable construction materials.

The soft PVC compositions according to the invention far exceed the requirements for combustion class B1, that is, they extinguish within a short period of time when the initial flame is removed and their combustion gases have low temperatures; furthermore, they exceed by far the LOI-limiting value of 27 for self-extinguishing materials, and the flue gas density is likewise considerably reduced.

Hard PVC generally has an oxygen index (LOI) of about 45 to 48, but even this index can be attained by the composition according to the invention. In general, the LOI value of the compositions of the invention is not below 30.

The polyvinyl chloride employed can be any PVC which could be used heretofore for plasticized polyvinyl chloride compositions, in particular, a PVC produced by mass, emulsion, suspension or solution polymerization, particularly with K-values of 60 to 80.

The terms polyvinyl chloride and PVC are understood here also to cover a polyvinyl chloride which contains other polymerizable monomers or which can be diluted or mixed with other polymers. Such other polymers, which can be contained in polyvinyl chloride used according to the invention as starting hard PVC in amounts of up to about 10% by weight, can be homopolymers or copolymers from the same monomer(s) copolymerized with vinyl chloride, which can be polymerized with vinyl chloride in amounts of up to 10% by weight in the PVC to be plasticized. The vinyl chloride polymer preferably can be polyvinyl chloride or copolymers of vinyl chloride with up to 10% of mono-olefinically unsaturated monomers copolymerizable with vinyl chloride. Examples of such mono-olefinically-unsaturated monomers copolymerizable with vinyl chloride are: olefins, particularly alkenes having 2 to 5 carbon atoms such as ethylene; vinyl esters of saturated carboxylic acids, particularly vinyl alkanoates having 1 to 18 carbon atoms in the alkanoate, such as vinyl acetate and vinyl butyrate; vinyl halides such as vinyl bromide and vinylidene chloride; and esters of mono-olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acids, particularly alkyl alkenoates having 1 to 7 carbon atoms in the alkyl and 3 to 5 carbon atoms in the alkenoate, such as ethyl acrylate or methyl methacrylate.

The amounts of the components contained in the soft or plasticized PVC compositions according to the invention relate in each instance to 100 parts by weight of the PVC component (a).

The stabilizers employed in the soft PVC compositions according to the invention are the usual stabilizers against decomposition, particularly by heat, individually or in mixture in amounts of 1 to 7 parts by weight, preferably 2 to 6 parts by weight. Examples of such suitable heat stabilizers are: calcium, barium, zinc and cadmium compounds, particularly with higher fatty acids like stearic acid, and 2-ethylhexanoic acid, and organotin compounds, particularly dialkyltin salts of lower alkanoic acids like dibutyl tin diacetate. For use of the compositions, according to the invention for insulations and sheathings of electrical conductors, lead compounds are preferred as heat stabilizers, individually or in mixture, such as lead sulfates, e.g. di- or tribasic lead sulfates, lead phosphate, lead stearate and lead phthalate. Mixtures of lead compounds and the stearates are preferred.

Suitable plasticizers according to the invention contain one or more phosphoric acid esters, preferably tertiary phosphoric acid esters with, optionally, chlorine-substituted alkyl radicals with 2 to 10 carbon atoms and/or with, optionally, substituted phenyl radicals in amounts of 20 to 100 parts by weight, preferably 30 to 80 parts by weight. Substituted phenyl radicals are particularly alkyl substituted.

The preferred phosphoric acid esters are phosphoric acid triesters having the formula ##STR3## wherein R is a member selected from the group consisting of alkyl having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, chloroalkyl having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, phenyl, C.sub.1-4 -alkylphenyl and di-C.sub.1-4 -alkylphenyl. The following triesters can be mentioned: tricresyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, cresyldiphenyl phosphate, dicresyl-phenyl phosphate, xylenyldiphenyl phosphate, dixylenyl-phenyl phosphate, tris-(chloroethyl) phosphate, diphenyl-octyl phosphate, phenyldioctyl phosphate, and trioctyl phosphate. If the compositions of the invention contain mixtures of these plasticizers, these mixtures can consist of different, but preferably equal amounts of the individual components.

In a preferred embodiment, the amount of phosphate plasticizer is partly substituted up to 50% of the plasticizer by chlorinated paraffin with a chlorine content of 30% to 60%, preferably about 50%, related to the number of chlorine atoms in the corresponding perchlorinated paraffin. Preferably the portion of the chlorinated paraffin is 20% to 50% by weight of the total plasticizer content.

As fillers, the compositions according to the invention contain aluminum hydroxide, preferably in amounts of 50 to 90 parts by weight. Included in the term aluminum hydroxide, which preferably has particle sizes of up to 2 micrometer, is a substance which is frequently also called aluminum oxide hydrate, aluminum oxyhydrate, alumina hydrate or aluminum hydrate, and which is frequently represented by the following formula: Al(OH).sub.3 or Al.sub.2 O.sub.3. H.sub.2 O. The aluminum hydroxide can contain so-called neutral, but also so-called basic or acid aluminum hydroxide, that is, it can optionally contain aluminates or aluminum salts in amounts up to about 25% by weight. Preferably, however, it is free of such compounds.

Furthermore, the soft PVC compositions according to the invention contain at least one so-called flame inhibitor or flame retarder in a total amount of 2 to 10 parts by weight, preferably 3 to 8 parts by weight. Such flame inhibitors are antimony trioxide and/or complex antimony compounds, preferably antimony trioxide silica complexes. Examples for the latter are "Oncor.RTM. 75RA" and "Oncor.RTM. 75RAZ" by National Lead Inc. New York, USA, two antimony trioxide/silica complexes.

Preferred embodiments can contain, in addition to the antimony compound(s) individually or in mixture additional flame inhibitors, like zinc borate and tri-(bromoalkyl) phosphate with C.sub.2-5 -alkyl radicals, each with 2 to 4 bromine atoms as substituents, preferably tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate.

These flame inhibitors can be contained in amounts of 2 to 10 parts by weight, provided the total amount of all flame inhibitors, that is, of antimony compound(s), optionally, zinc borate and, optionally, trialkyl brominated phosphates, does not exceed 15 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the PVC component.

In addition, additional substances, as they are usually added to plasticized PVC compositions, can be added to the compositions according to the invention, in amounts of up to 2 parts by weight each, but preferably not more than a total of 10 parts by weight, for example, lubricants, pigments, light protecting agents, processing aids.

Furthermore, up to 10% by weight of the filler and/or of the plasticizer can be replaced by other conventional fillers of plasticizers without any substantial deterioration of the properties.

The soft PVC compositions according to the invention can be produced, like the presently known compositions, that is, by mixing or kneading in suitable apparatus.

The following examples are illustrative of the practice of the invention without being limitative in any respect.

EXAMPLES 1 to 5 and COMPARISON TEST

The following Table shows for various plasticized PVC compositions of the invention the composition (in parts by weight), the oxygen index (LOI value in % by vol.), the flue gas density (% extinction), the shore A hardness, the residual length after combustion (in %) and the flue gas temperature (in .degree.C.). The last two values are determined, similar to DIN 4102, in small combustion chambers with samples of 200.times.40.times.4 mm.sup.3. The conditions of combustion class B1 are a residual length of the sample after selfextinction of at least 15% of the original length, and a combustion gas temperature below 200.degree. C.

TABLE
______________________________________
Examples
Compari-
1 2 3 4 5 son Test
______________________________________
Suspension PVC,
K-value 70 100 100 100 100 100 100
Stabilizer compound.sup.(1)
4 4 4 4 4 4
Diphenyl-cresyl
phosphate 30 30 20 20 20 --
Diphenyl-octyl
30 30 20 20 20 --
phosphate
Aluminum hydroxide
70 70 70 70 70 --
Antimony trioxide
7 3.5 3.5 -- 3.5 --
Oncor.sup.(R) 75 RA
-- -- -- 3.5 -- --
Chlorinated
paraffin 50% -- -- 20 20 20 --
Zinc borate -- 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 --
Tris-(2,3-dibromo-
propyl) phosphate
-- -- -- -- 4.5 --
Di-2-ethylhexyl
phthalate -- -- -- -- -- 60
Calcium carbonate
(chalk) -- -- -- -- -- 70
LOI - value (Vol. %)
37.6 42.4 43 44 47 23
Flue gas density
(% extinction)
99 93 87 86 85 100
Shore - A-hardness
87 87 88 87 87 85
Residual length (%)
22.7 27.1 32.4 29 34.9 0
Flue gas temperature
(.degree.C.) 191 169 156 165 154 >700
Combustion class
B 1 B 1 B 1 B 1 B 1 --
______________________________________
Footnote to table:
.sup.(1) The stabilizer compound is composed of 80% by weight tribasic
lead sulfate and 20% by weight of a mixture of equal parts by weight of
lead stearate, calcium stearate and paraffin wax.



The preceding specific embodiments are illustrative of the practice of the invention. It is to be understood, however, that other expedients known to those skilled in the art or disclosed herein, may be employed without departing from the spirit of the invention or the scope of the appended claims.
Pls let us know if you are interesting in it. with any question, ask me freely.Tks you.
Sam Xu
Contact me:
MSN: xubiao_1996@hotmail.com
GMAIL: samjiefu@gmail.com
SKPYE:jiefu1996


Chinese antimony market

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